Januvia

Januvia, T., Maru, S., Nowlin, S., McCarthy, K., Berg ink, V., Stone, J., … & Howell, E. A. (2021). Pandemic birthing: childbirth satisfaction, perceived health care bias, and postpartum health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Maternal and child health journal, 25(6), 860-869.

(Januvia et al., 2021), focuses on examining how covid 19 pandemic affects birth satisfaction. Also, it examines the standard treatment discriminations mothers experience during birth and how they explain birth experiences during postpartum heath.

Additionally, the article explains how women with positive SARS_CoV_2 status, Latina and black experienced high discrimination and low delivery satisfaction. Due to poor satisfaction, these mothers are likely to experience depressive symptoms, anxiety, increased postpartum anxiety, lowest breastfeeding, and stress (Januvia et al., 2021).

The article is helpful in this project since it shows how adverse effects, especially psychologically, accompany negative birth. Additionally, it challenges policymakers and hospitals toward instituting safety measures that can safeguard against bad experiences during birth. Also, the article shows how a pandemic can lead to painful experiences for an individual’s health and well-being.

The (Januvia et al., 2021) article is a credible article. This is because it is peer-reviewed. Also, the article has extensive research by conducting different findings and borrowing information from other reliable sources.

Abu-Bakr, A. (2021). Unconscious Bias and Its Impact on Public Health and Health-Care Systems. Creative

Nursing, 27(3), 158-162.

The (Abu-Bakr 2021) article analyzes the calculated and casual manner in which unconscious discrimination and biases revolve around healthcare, especially in public facilities in America. The article also urges the government and other health officials to keep health and racial equity on the frontline when considering solving some of the solutions in the medical field.

The journal article has a positive contribution to the research of this work since it challenges the US health system to do more research and advance their field so that they can manage any health crises, like the coronavirus.

Additionally, the (Abu-Bakr, 2021) piece is helpful because it encourages citizens to reconcile with their past challenges and trauma caused by racial or health disparities. Such crises claim many civilians’ lives and perpetuate emotional, mental, and physical harm in indigenous and non-white communities such as the blacks.

This journal article is credible since it has thorough definitions, making it easier to understand this topic. Additionally, the piece refers to reliable and current literature, expert opinions, and other peer-reviewed articles.

Kennedy, B. R. (2013). Health inequalities: Promoting policy changes in utilizing transformation development by empowering African American communities in reducing health disparities. Journal of cultural diversity, 20(4), 155-162.

(Kennedy, 2013) article projects an analysis of literature that addresses various social inequalities that affect African Americans’ health inequalities, resulting in medical disparities. According to this article, there is a possibility of proposing policy changes by implementing community empowerment and transformation development models as public health or community frameworks to guide indigenous communities to address health inequalities.

Additionally, the article contributes to this research by showing that the lifestyle and living standards of non-white and indigenous Americans are usually influenced by prior injustices and poverty, which moulds their global perspective of illness and health. The author gives an excellent example of how Luther king used to fight for equality in civil rights and how it brought a significant change in America (Kennedy, 2013).

(Kennedy, 2013) the article is helpful since it enlightens the readers on how social equalities yield adverse outcomes in healthcare, particularly in minority communities. It also challenges citizens to fight for equality by describing how Dr Luther held non-violent public protests and other collective gatherings urging the government to give the civilians their rights. Additionally, the article advises society to apply models and frameworks that can empower community members towards participation in collaborative efforts that can influence political and social changes, eventually improving health results.

Kennedy’s article is reliable and valuable since it provides up-to-date and extensive research on this topic. The article is also one of the approved articles to study or do healthcare research.

Lang, M. E., & Bird, C. E. (2015). Understanding and addressing the common roots of racial health disparities: The case of cardiovascular disease & HIV/AIDS in African Americans. Health Matrix, 25, 109.

(Lang & Bird, 2015) work argues that the main risk factors contributing to high HIV aids and cardiovascular diseases in African American population include, first, many blacks cannot afford medical insurance. Secondly, the black community’s poverty rate is high, making it hard to afford quality education, a good diet, and exercise programs. Also, African Americans face environmental barriers where there is less physically active, work for long hours without getting enough sleep, and have inadequate knowledge of chronic diseases.

The authors contribute to this research since it provides insight into the disadvantages of few economic resources for healthcare. It also presents ongoing and well-documented research on how inequality affects blacks in terms of well-being, morbidity, and mortality rate.

Additionally, this article is helpful in different ways. First, it teaches that some of the chronic conditions in healthcare can be minimized if the government takes the responsibility of ensuring equality. This means that all citizens should be able to afford insurance, have a conducive environment for physical exercise and afford to get a balanced diet.

(Lang & Bird, 2015), is a very reliable source. It provides evidence-based and broad research on this topic.

Bailey, Z. D., Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T. (2017). Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions. The lancet, 389(10077), 1453-1463.

(Bailey et al., 2017) the report addresses equality and equity in America’s healthcare systems. The article uses a historical and contemporary method when discussing intervention and research about the implications of structural racism revolving around health inequities and population health. Structural racism is a combination of methods whereby societies and communities nurture and encourages discrimination according to an individual’s race through mutually reinforced criminal justice systems, housing, healthcare, the media, benefits, credit, employment, earnings, and education.

The article contributes to this research by showing that despite an increased interest in knowing the several ways in which social factors influence low and unsatisfying health outcomes, many journalists, academists, elected officials, and policymakers are still reluctant towards identifying structural racism as the leading cause of biased racial health inequalities.

(Bailey et al., 2017) the article is significant since it educates citizens on the practices and patterns that people can use to reinforce discriminatory values, resource distribution, and beliefs. People learn that their force in solving structural racism can have a promising, concrete, and feasible approach to improve health in society and advance health equity.

Lastly, this piece is a credible scholarly article. It outlines interventions and evidence to support its work and offers up-to-date information.

Rosenthal, M. B., Landon, B. E., Normand, S. L. T., Ahmad, T. S., & Epstein, A. M. (2009). Engagement of health plans and employers in addressing racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Medical Care Research and Review, 66(2), 219-231.

(Rosenthal et al., 2009) the article analyzes the awareness of ethnic and racial disparities in medical and health care quality and access. It also addresses the perceptions of organizations and employers, healthcare’s role in solving disparities, and the reported activities to measure and even minimize inequalities.

This article contributes to this research by showing and addressing the facts behind the analyzed disparities. For instance, after surveying several health plans and employers, the study’s findings indicate that many employers and health plans already know that substantial disparities exist. Most characters choose to ignore it.

The article plays a fundamental role in informing individuals that by pressing and challenging their health plans, they can quickly examine care patterns in terms of ethnicity and race among the employers, eventually minimizing the disparities in those areas. Also, it enlightens the community on how racial and ethnic lines can lead to more significant national problems. Thus everybody should play a part in solving this challenge.

Finally, the article is reliable and credible. It supports its information through well-advanced research through studies and experiments. It is also peer-reviewed and offers accurate information.

Exclusive: Nurses reveal stories of racism and demand change… https://www.nursingtimes.net/news/research-and-innovation/exclusive-nurses-reveal-stories-of-racism-and-demand-change-04-03-2022/

An exclusive Nursing Times poll of nearly 1,000 nurses has revealed a shocking story of racism within nursing and healthcare. More than 50 per cent of respondents said they had personally been subjected to racist comments or actions at work in the last six months, while eight out of 10 said they had witnessed racist incidents in their workplace. Worryingly, half of those who have experienced racism are junior staff and trainees, who are often too scared to speak out for fear their careers will be damaged. Respondents came forward to the Nursing Times after its Black Nurses Foundation survey last year, revealing that racism and its knock-on impact on productivity had more significance than expected.

Racism in care leads to health disparities, doctors and other experts say as they push for change… https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/racism-in-care-leads-to-health-disparities-doctors-and-other-experts-say-as-they-push-for-change/2020/07/10/a1a1e40a-bb9e-11ea-80b9-40ece9a701dc_story.html.

The poll was not just a direct result of our survey, but in part because of the writer’s [Nigel O’Brien] op-ed [“The barbed wire on nurses’ heads” The Guardian Jan 17, 2018], which was inspired by a notion that racism remains rife. Many share Nigel’s view that it is expected to be endemic in nursing and healthcare. He wrote: “It is no surprise that nurses suffer from low morale, burnout, and despair. They must feel crushed under this weight of humanism. This is yet another way in which the NHS is being attacked. Nigel added: “The stigma feels like a form of discrimination as if being a nurse is some disease, one that people would prefer to avoid. It leads to prejudice and discrimination against people from minority ethnic communities, Jews, and LGBT people from becoming nurses. It’s no surprise that many lesbian, gay, and transgender (LGBT) nurses leave the profession.” Nigel’s observations echo our surveys about race relations in health and healthcare.

Synthesis

The healthcare profession has always been a preferential area for people of colour. It is estimated that only nine per cent of registered nurses are white, and the number decreases to four per cent in medicine. However, the healthcare profession has yet to make up ground in diversity. Racism is an issue that many individuals face when seeking medical help, whether it be from a nurse, doctor, or another staff member. They may perform invasive procedures without consent or hurtfully use “nappy head.” Their treatment can lead to patients losing their lives, which could have been prevented with better care. The healthcare professional should be an area where all individuals are treated with respect regardless of race.

The racism that permeates the healthcare profession can be defined as “actions, policies or procedures that disadvantage or hurt members of a certain group.” The definition also implies that the actions are intentional and have the potential to harm people. Although more people are coming forward about their experiences with racism in healthcare, many people remain silent about their feelings on the matter. This is due to fear of dismissal from their jobs. As a result, the true extent of racism in healthcare is unclear.

Many hospitals and nursing homes have taken steps to fight racism within their workforce. They are fighting it by providing training programs for all staff members and setting up “hotlines” for people to call when they experience racism in healthcare settings. Efforts like these show that hospitals and nursing homes want to make changes but lack the tools. Without a clear definition of racism, people cannot combat it effectively. Additionally, without clear statistics on how many encounters with racism occur across the healthcare industry, hospitals do not have adequate data to make conclusions about the extent of discrimination within their facilities.

The healthcare field is a very diverse career and culture. The majority of the healthcare field today are white, male, and upper-middle-class professionals. When cultural or racial diversity is not present within a profession such as this one, it creates an opportunity for discrimination. Racism in the healthcare profession can be expressed in many different ways on many different levels that we will examine in this article. Understanding racism in medical settings can often be helpful to know what racism is, how it relates to other forms of discrimination, and why it exists within medical settings and other professions where there is no “power imbalance.” Racism is the idea of treating someone differently because of their race. This does not necessarily require that you treat them more harshly or less favourably than others, but rather that you are treating them differently because of their race. For example, in austere situations such as a war zone or a jail cell, there is a better chance that you will be treated more harshly by another person because they perceive you to be a “threat” than if they perceived you to be an “ally” or “friend.”

Racism in the medical field exists because of the power dynamics within professions such as medicine and inequality in society and unequal distribution of resources. Therefore, racism in the medical field is constantly perpetuated by society and other institutions that reflect racism in those discriminated against because it makes us feel uncomfortable. Social scientists have found that power imbalances create stereotypes and prejudice, which leads to discrimination and racism.

References

Abu-Bakr, A. (2021). Unconscious Bias and Its Impact on Public Health and Health-Care Systems. Creative

Nursing, 27(3), 158-162.

Exclusive: Nurses reveal stories of racism and demand change… https://www.nursingtimes.net/news/research-and-innovation/exclusive-nurses-reveal-stories-of-racism-and-demand-change-04-03-2022/

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