police use of force

 

Assemble the Data Organize and Align with My Research Questions and Methodology
  Source Publication Date APA Citation Key Concepts/Variables Source’s Data(How it was reported) Main Claim(s)/Finding(s) Methodology and Methods LR Search Attribute 1 LR Search Attribute 2 LR Search Attribute 3 LR Search Attribute 4: Keywords Notes
Article 1 PNAS 2019 Edwards, F., Lee, H., & Esposito, M. (2019). Risk of being killed by police use of force in the United States by age, race-ethnicity, and sex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences116(34), 16793-16798. Retrieved from https://www.pnas.org/content/116/34/16793

 

Being exposed to the justice system is strongly connected to ethnic background, sex, and age. Information gathered by Fatal Encounters (FE), a journalist-led initiative to detail police-involved mortalities. In the United States, police violence is a main cause of mortality. The police will kill an estimated one in every 1,000 black men throughout a lifetime. Data Review and Quantitative statistical analysis Racially inequitable exposure to the threat of state oppression has far-reaching repercussions on public health, democracy, and racial stratification. The lack of authoritative official statistics is a significant impediment to minimizing police misconduct.  Future research should look closely at how location, race, sex, age, socioeconomic status, and impairment all connect to shape victimization. race–ethnicity, victimization, gender, age, crime Male and female of African-American descent, American Indian/Alaska descent and Latino male have a significantly increased risk of being murdered by law enforcement agencies than white men and women.
Article 2 PNAS 2019 Johnson, D. J., Tress, T., Burkel, N., Taylor, C., & Cesario, J. (2019). Officer characteristics and racial disparities in fatal officer-involved shootings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences116(32), 15877-15882. Retrieved from https://www.pnas.org/content/116/32/15877#sec-12

 

There are no anti-Black discrepancies in shooting incidents, and White law enforcers would be no more likely than Hispanic officers to shoot racial subgroups. Instead, racial crime is a powerful indicator of civilian race. Benchmarking approaches to examine whether members from particular racial groups are killed more frequently than we would expect in contrast to some benchmarks. In comparison to White civilians, Black inhabitants who are fatally shot by enforcers are more likely to be weaponless and less probable to posing an imminent danger to security personnel. FOIS Databases The connection between officer race and FOIS seems to be clarified because law enforcers and citizens are derived from the same population, increasing the probability that a law enforcer would experience and fatally injure a same-race citizen. Racial disparities are a necessary but not adequate condition for racial biases, as there are countless reasons why police killings may contrast across race minorities that are unconnected to officer prejudices. The absence of anti-Black disparities, and the effect of race-specific delinquency, are coherent with the element of exposure. Per capita ethnic bias in police killings is labelled by non-whites increased contact with law enforcers through violence. Killings, anti-Hispanic, violence, fatal shootings There is significant worry regarding ethnic differences in deadly officer-involved killings and the possibility that the discrepancies are the target of racism by White officers. Prevailing datasets of police killings lack evidence regarding personnel and preceding analytic methods made determining factors such as violence complicated.

 

Increasing officer diversification is ineffective in reducing racial differences in killings by police.

Article 3 SCU 2020 Schwartz, G. L., & Jahn, J. L. (2020). Mapping fatal police violence across US metropolitan areas: Overall rates and racial/ethnic inequities, 2013-2017. PloS one15(6), e0229686. Retrieved from https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0229686&fbclid=IwAR3XXQd0dyWis-epgraz4clk2UUrUFplu6ehbWjlE-4BpO7txPTiyJqgLcY

 

Beyond the immediate effects for the descendants and their family members, fatal shootings have population health implications. Fatal Encounters, a citizen science strategy that incorporates internet media stories and government documents to classify cases in a structured and retrospective way. The degree of police-related mortalities significantly varied, with the fatal MSAs having five times the rate of the least lethal. Population-adjusted Poisson models, method of inverse-variance-weighting Social, economic, and epidemiologic study on racial prejudice provide one lens for understanding the geographical distribution of racial injustices in lethal abuse by enforcers. Although police killings are most common in neighbourhoods with a high concentration of low-income citizens and African-Americans have recently been at greater risk in primarily White communities. Existing mapping efforts, while vital, typically employ ineffective statistical methods, culminating in misrepresentative, unstable rates when common factors are minor. Metropolitan Statistical Area, ratio inequalities, Fatal Encounters Averting fatal police violence in various parts of the state would almost certainly necessarily entail an effective solution. Forecasts of the intensity of these issues (overall rates, ethnic inequality, specific mortalities) in any provided MSA are highly dependent on the type of deaths studied and whether race and cause of mortality are accurately credited.
Article 4   2016 Sewell, A. A., & Jefferson, K. A. (2016). Collateral damage: the health effects of invasive police encounters in New York City. Journal of Urban Health93(1), 42-67. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11524-015-0016-7.pdf

 

The intensity of respondent experiences and the health consequences express concern, suggesting that officer relations with the public should be reassessed. A population-based survey of youth in New York City The significant correlations between medical results and respondents’ preconceptions of procedural justice insinuate that enforcers-community relations and local public health are closely intertwined. Qualitative Interviews, Archival Information Police stops are based on low levels of skepticism and seldom lead to arrests or subpoena. Less invasive tactics are necessary for suspects who might exhibit psychiatric symptoms and reduce any psychical harm to detained individuals. Changes in policing practices over the last twenty years have brought a significant number of urban residents into the criminal justice system, making awareness and understanding of such contact enormously relevant. Health, Police, Neighborhoods, New York City, Race, Ethnicity, Health disparities The impacts of contextually invasive police precedents contrast based on ethno racial cohort. Being a minority intensifies the severe nature of some of the repercussions of intrusive encounters with police. The marginal frisk proportion, for instance, is linked to high blood pressure in marginalized groups and poor/fair health in Latinos.

 

 

 

Direct Quotations

Edwards Lee & Esposito (2019): “Policing plays a critical role in sustaining structural inequalities between persons of color and Caucasians.” (p. 1)

Johnson et al. (2019): “Caucasian citizens are nearly three times expected than Black civilians to be fatally executed by law enforcers when the occurrence is linked to mental-health worries, and they are seven times more prone to commit “suicide by cop.”(p. 1)

Schwartz and Jahn (2020): “Enforcers’ violence is not constrained to the state borders of law enforcemment agencies where American citizens reside.” (p. 24)

Sewell & Jefferson (2016): “Individuals do not have to be incarcerated to feel the consequences of the justice system. Indeed, the criminal justice system’s monitoring practices have the ability to redefine the welfare of individuals that are yet to be integrated into the system.”(p.14)

 

 

 

References

Edwards, F., Lee, H., & Esposito, M. (2019). Risk of being killed by police use of force in the United States by age, race-ethnicity, and sex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences116(34), 16793-16798. Retrieved from https://www.pnas.org/content/116/34/16793

Johnson, D. J., Tress, T., Burkel, N., Taylor, C., & Cesario, J. (2019). Officer characteristics and racial disparities in fatal officer-involved shootings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences116(32), 15877-15882. Retrieved from https://www.pnas.org/content/116/32/15877#sec-12

Schwartz, G. L., & Jahn, J. L. (2020). Mapping fatal police violence across US metropolitan areas: Overall rates and racial/ethnic inequities, 2013-2017. PloS one15(6), e0229686. Retrieved from https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0229686&fbclid=IwAR3XXQd0dyWis-epgraz4clk2UUrUFplu6ehbWjlE-4BpO7txPTiyJqgLcY

Sewell, A. A., & Jefferson, K. A. (2016). Collateral damage: the health effects of invasive police encounters in New York City. Journal of Urban Health93(1), 42-67. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11524-015-0016-7.pdf

 

 

 

 

 

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