History of the 19th Century
There were powerful revolutions, forces, movements, and events in the 19th Century that influenced European history. These include industrialization, the “triumph” of the nation-states, and imperialism. These events spurred political, social, and economic effects that extended through the process of modernization. Different regions had their own experience and influence, which related with their counterparts. Among the European nations that pioneered these movements were the French, British, German, and Italy. It is inevitable to discuss European history without exploring the three forces.
The Industrial Revolution in Europe brought about new inventions, mechanization, technological use, industrial factories, and new energy sources. Industrialization made use of intense application of science in all aspects of the economy. It originated from Britain, where it then spread to other parts of Europe. The revolution comprised of the introduction of steam, electricity, petroleum, and gas as sources of energy. ttehreteamships and railroads for mass transportation of goods and interconnectivity across the countries. There was a change in business and labor markets leading to factory systems. Industrialization led to urbanization as a result of commercialization. Automobile, radio, and telegraph improved communication systems while agricultural improvements ensured enough food for the nations. A capital-focused economy emerged with an accumulation of wealth and empowerment.
The emergence of the nation-states preceeded the concept of nationalism. The identity of a state represented the cultural and ethnic identity of its people within its boundaries. The nation-states characterized a homogenous culture and ethnicity among the inhabitants. It gained popularity because it was a symbol of national unity and a tool for economic, social and political progress. The triumph of the nation-states led to subordination of regional identity such as kingdoms and empires. People felt more represented and a closer sense of belonging in the government rather than the broader representation. Nation-states made their policies and legislations to benefit their population. It brought about unification of nations such as Italy and German. Liberalism, socialism and communism are crucial concepts that marked the triump of nation-states.
Imperialism refers to the desire by a super power to control the economic, social and political activities of other nations outside its boundaries. In Europe, colonial powers scrambled for the control of oversea empires for their personal interests. Some factors that led to imperialism include economic, political, religious and exploratory motives. There was a rush to secure raw materials for the newly mechanized industries. In return, it attracted the search for new markets for the manufacted goods. Religious motives such as christianity’s desire to bring salvation to the ‘savages’ contributed to colonization. The expansion denied the colonies their rights, freedom and resources. It attracted resistance movements, rebellions and violence against the exploitation.
The three historical waves are related to one another in an evident maner. Industrialization caused a ripple effect and provided an avenue to nation-states and imperialism. It facilitated economic and political empowerment by generating more capital and exponential growth of nations. There was an association between people and the economic activity or industry in their locations. It led to development of a homogenous culture and ethnicity. They saw the need to control their own legislations and policies. It, therefore, resulted in nation-sates as a product of nationalism. The search for raw materials to feed the mechanized industries and markets for the manufactured goods led to imperialism. The unified nation-states such as Germany undertook the conquest for oversea colonies. It, therefore, demonstrates the relationship and interdependency of the three forces in the success of the events.
Industrialization, which came to be known as The Industial Revolution had the greates formative influence on the European history. The growth and development of Europe originated from the revolution and the effects are felt in the modern world. Most of the current systems are an improvement of the former advances witnessed in the 19th Century. The movement empowered nations economically to generate enough wealth for their development. It shaped the political power through the conquest for superiority that later led to the world wars. It is evident that industrialization opened up European nations to their future. Its influence in making European history cannot be underestimated.
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